Benchmark #95238 - pibenchmarks.com

Brand: Western Digital Black SN770 Series
SSD (M.2 NVMe)
#77 / 1,585
187
#56 / 1,585
#56 / 909
#51 / 216
39,034
	Amazon.com AliExpress Amazon.ca Amazon.co.uk Amazon.co.jp Amazon.com.au Amazon.de Amazon.es Amazon.fr Amazon.it Amazon.nl Amazon.pl Amazon.se Amazon.sg

Overview
2024-09-26 17:14:27
#95,238
38,393
-641 (-1.67%)
Anonymous

Storage Details
Western Digital Black SN770 Series
SSD (M.2 NVMe)
1.8T
SSD
WDC
WDBLACKSN7702TB
None

System Board Details
		Amazon.com AliExpress
Raspberry Pi 5B 1.0
Raspberry Pi 5 Model B Rev 1.0
Raspberry Pi Foundation
N/A
4
2,400
910 (+10)
2,133

Operating System

Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)
aarch64

Benchmark Results
284 MB/s
370.94 MB/s
411.56 MB/s
89,824 IOPS
99,902 IOPS
359,298 KB/s
399,609 KB/s
164,690 KB/s
155,147 KB/s
63,646 KB/s
167,631 KB/s

inxi Results
System: Kernel: 6.6.47+rpt-rpi-2712 arch: aarch64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 12.2.0 clocksource: arch_sys_counter parameters: reboot=w coherent_pool=1M 8250.nr_uarts=1 pci=pcie_bus_safe smsc95xx.macaddr=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX vc_mem.mem_base=0x3fc00000 vc_mem.mem_size=0x40000000 console=ttyAMA10,115200 console=tty1 root=PARTUUID=49aeba69-02 rootfstype=ext4 fsck.repair=yes rootwait quiet splash plymouth.ignore-serial-consoles cfg80211.ieee80211_regdom=GB Console: tty 1 DM: LightDM v: 1.26.0 Distro: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm) Machine: Type: ARM System: Raspberry Pi 5 Model B Rev 1.0 details: N/A rev: d04170 Battery: Message: No system battery data found. Is one present? Memory: System RAM: total: 8 GiB available: 7.86 GiB used: 825.5 MiB (10.3%) igpu: 8 MiB RAM Report: smbios: No SMBIOS data for dmidecode to process PCI Slots: Message: No ARM data found for this feature. CPU: Info: model: N/A variant: cortex-a76 bits: 64 type: MCP arch: ARMv8 family: 8 model-id: 4 stepping: 1 Topology: cpus: 1x cores: 4 smt: N/A cache: L1: 512 KiB desc: d-4x64 KiB! i-4x64 KiB L2: 2 MiB desc: 4x512 KiB L3: 2 MiB desc: 1x2 MiB Speed (MHz): avg: 2400 min/max: 1500/2400 scaling: driver: cpufreq-dt governor: ondemand cores: 1: 2400 2: 2400 3: 2400 4: 2400 bogomips: 432 Features: aes asimd asimddp asimdhp asimdrdm atomics cpuid crc32 dcpop evtstrm fp fphp lrcpc pmull sha1 sha2 Vulnerabilities: Type: gather_data_sampling status: Not affected Type: itlb_multihit status: Not affected Type: l1tf status: Not affected Type: mds status: Not affected Type: meltdown status: Not affected Type: mmio_stale_data status: Not affected Type: reg_file_data_sampling status: Not affected Type: retbleed status: Not affected Type: spec_rstack_overflow status: Not affected Type: spec_store_bypass mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl Type: spectre_v1 mitigation: __user pointer sanitization Type: spectre_v2 mitigation: CSV2, BHB Type: srbds status: Not affected Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected Graphics: Device-1: bcm2712-hdmi0 driver: vc4_hdmi v: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c701400 class-ID: hdmi Device-2: bcm2712-hdmi1 driver: vc4_hdmi v: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c706400 class-ID: hdmi Display: wayland server: X.org v: 1.21.X.X with: Xwayland v: 22.1.9 compositor: wayfire v: 0.7.5 driver: gpu: vc4-drm,vc4_crtc,vc4_dpi,vc4_dsi,vc4_firmware_kms,vc4_hdmi,vc4_hvs,vc4_txp,vc4_v3d,vc4_vec tty: 80x40 Monitor-1: HDMI-A-1 model: LG (GoldStar) TV built: 2017 res: 3840x2160 dpi: 61 gamma: 1.2 chroma: red: x: 0.639 y: 0.329 green: x: 0.298 y: 0.600 blue: x: 0.149 y: 0.059 white: x: 0.314 y: 0.329 size: 1600x900mm (62.99x35.43") diag: 1836mm (72.3") ratio: 16:9 modes: 4096x2160, 3840x2160, 1920x1080, 1920x1080i, 1280x1024, 1360x768, 1152x864, 1280x720, 1024x768, 800x600, 720x576, 720x576i, 720x480, 640x480, 720x400 EDID-Warnings: 1: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 93 2: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 94 3: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 95 4: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 98 5: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 99 6: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 100 API: Vulkan v: 1.3.239 layers: 2 device: 0 type: integrated-gpu name: V3D 7.1.7 driver: mesa v3dv v: 23.2.1-1~bpo12+rpt3 device-ID: 14e4:55701c33 surfaces: N/A device: 1 type: cpu name: llvmpipe (LLVM 15.0.6 128 bits) driver: mesa llvmpipe v: 23.2.1-1~bpo12+rpt3 (LLVM 15.0.6) device-ID: 10005:0000 surfaces: N/A API: OpenGL Message: GL data unavailable in console, glxinfo missing. Audio: Device-1: bcm2712-hdmi0 driver: vc4_hdmi bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c701400 class-ID: hdmi Device-2: bcm2712-hdmi1 driver: vc4_hdmi bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c706400 class-ID: hdmi API: ALSA v: k6.6.47+rpt-rpi-2712 status: kernel-api tools: alsactl,alsamixer,amixer Server-1: PipeWire v: 0.3.65 status: n/a (root, process) with: 1: pipewire-pulse status: active 2: wireplumber status: active tools: pw-cat,pw-cli,wpctl Server-2: PulseAudio v: 16.1 status: off (using pipewire-pulse) tools: pacat,pactl Network: Device-1: Raspberry Pi RP1 PCIe 2.0 South Bridge driver: rp1 v: N/A port: N/A bus-ID: 0001:01:00.0 chip-ID: 1de4:0001 class-ID: 0200 IF: wlan0 state: up mac: IP v4: type: dynamic noprefixroute scope: global broadcast: IP v6: type: noprefixroute scope: global IP v6: type: dynamic noprefixroute scope: global IP v6: type: noprefixroute scope: link IF-ID-1: eth0 state: down mac: WAN IP: Bluetooth: Device-1: bcm7271-uart driver: bcm7271_uart bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107d50c000 class-ID: serial Report: hciconfig ID: hci0 rfk-id: 0 state: up address: bt-v: 5.0 lmp-v: 9 sub-v: 6119 hci-v: 9 rev: 17e class-ID: 6c0000 Info: acl-mtu: 1021:8 sco-mtu: 64:1 link-policy: rswitch sniff link-mode: peripheral accept service-classes: rendering, capturing, audio, telephony Device-2: bcm7271-uart driver: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:serial0 class-ID: serial Logical: Message: No logical block device data found. RAID: Message: No RAID data found. Drives: Local Storage: total: 1.82 TiB used: 5.12 GiB (0.3%) ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 maj-min: 259:0 vendor: Western Digital model: WD BLACK SN770 2TB size: 1.82 TiB block-size: physical: 512 B logical: 512 B speed: 63.2 Gb/s lanes: 4 tech: SSD fw-rev: 731100WD temp: 46.9 C scheme: MBR SMART: yes health: PASSED cycles: 15 read-units: 49,670 [25.4 GB] written-units: 34,863 [17.8 GB] Message: No optical or floppy data found. Partition: ID-1: / raw-size: 1.82 TiB size: 1.79 TiB (98.45%) used: 5.05 GiB (0.3%) fs: ext4 block-size: 4096 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2 maj-min: 259:2 label: rootfs uuid: 12974fe2-889e-4060-b497-1d6ac3fbbb4b ID-2: /boot/firmware raw-size: 512 MiB size: 510 MiB (99.61%) used: 75.2 MiB (14.7%) fs: vfat block-size: 512 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p1 maj-min: 259:1 label: bootfs uuid: 9BE2-1346 Swap: Kernel: swappiness: 60 (default) cache-pressure: 100 (default) zswap: no ID-1: swap-1 type: file size: 200 MiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) priority: -2 file: /var/swap Unmounted: Message: No unmounted partitions found. USB: Hub-1: 1-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002 class-ID: 0900 Hub-2: 2-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 1 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s (596.0 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 3.2 gen-1x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003 class-ID: 0900 Hub-3: 3-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002 class-ID: 0900 Device-1: 3-1:2 info: Logitech Unifying Receiver type: keyboard,mouse,HID driver: logitech-djreceiver,usbhid interfaces: 3 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s (1.4 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 1.1 power: 98mA chip-ID: 046d:c52b class-ID: 0300 Hub-4: 4-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 1 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s (596.0 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 3.2 gen-1x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003 class-ID: 0900 Sensors: Src: /sys System Temperatures: cpu: 59.5 C mobo: N/A Fan Speeds (rpm): cpu: 3075 Repos: Packages: pm: dpkg pkgs: 1647 libs: 903 tools: apt,apt-get Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list 1: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 2: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 3: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list 1: deb http: //archive.raspberrypi.com/debian/ bookworm main Processes: CPU top: 5 of 207 1: cpu: 11.7% command: wayfire pid: 1051 mem: 125.3 MiB (1.5%) 2: cpu: 1.9% command: rpi-connectd pid: 1037 mem: 18.7 MiB (0.2%) 3: cpu: 1.6% command: wayvnc pid: 1901 mem: 52.6 MiB (0.6%) 4: cpu: 1.3% command: xwayland pid: 8160 mem: 90.4 MiB (1.1%) 5: cpu: 0.6% command: yad pid: 8241 mem: 89.0 MiB (1.1%) Memory top: 5 of 207 1: mem: 125.3 MiB (1.5%) command: wayfire pid: 1051 cpu: 11.7% 2: mem: 90.4 MiB (1.1%) command: xwayland pid: 8160 cpu: 1.3% 3: mem: 89.0 MiB (1.1%) command: yad pid: 8241 cpu: 0.6% 4: mem: 63.0 MiB (0.7%) command: wf-panel-pi pid: 1238 cpu: 0.4% 5: mem: 61.3 MiB (0.7%) command: pcmanfm pid: 1241 cpu: 0.5% Info: Processes: 207 Uptime: 11m Init: systemd v: 252 target: graphical (5) default: graphical tool: systemctl Compilers: gcc: 12.2.0 alt: 12 Client: shell wrapper v: 5.2.15-release inxi: 3.3.31

inxi Results

System:
  Kernel: 6.6.47+rpt-rpi-2712 arch: aarch64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 12.2.0
    clocksource: arch_sys_counter parameters: reboot=w coherent_pool=1M 8250.nr_uarts=1
    pci=pcie_bus_safe smsc95xx.macaddr=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX vc_mem.mem_base=0x3fc00000
    vc_mem.mem_size=0x40000000 console=ttyAMA10,115200 console=tty1 root=PARTUUID=49aeba69-02
    rootfstype=ext4 fsck.repair=yes rootwait quiet splash plymouth.ignore-serial-consoles
    cfg80211.ieee80211_regdom=GB
  Console: tty 1 DM: LightDM v: 1.26.0 Distro: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)
Machine:
  Type: ARM System: Raspberry Pi 5 Model B Rev 1.0 details: N/A rev: d04170 Battery:
  Message: No system battery data found. Is one present?
Memory:
  System RAM: total: 8 GiB available: 7.86 GiB used: 825.5 MiB (10.3%) igpu: 8 MiB
  RAM Report: smbios: No SMBIOS data for dmidecode to process
PCI Slots:
  Message: No ARM data found for this feature.
CPU:
  Info: model: N/A variant: cortex-a76 bits: 64 type: MCP arch: ARMv8 family: 8 model-id: 4
    stepping: 1
  Topology: cpus: 1x cores: 4 smt: N/A cache: L1: 512 KiB desc: d-4x64 KiB! i-4x64 KiB L2: 2 MiB
    desc: 4x512 KiB L3: 2 MiB desc: 1x2 MiB
  Speed (MHz): avg: 2400 min/max: 1500/2400 scaling: driver: cpufreq-dt governor: ondemand cores:
    1: 2400 2: 2400 3: 2400 4: 2400 bogomips: 432
  Features: aes asimd asimddp asimdhp asimdrdm atomics cpuid crc32 dcpop evtstrm fp fphp lrcpc
    pmull sha1 sha2
  Vulnerabilities:
  Type: gather_data_sampling status: Not affected
  Type: itlb_multihit status: Not affected
  Type: l1tf status: Not affected
  Type: mds status: Not affected
  Type: meltdown status: Not affected
  Type: mmio_stale_data status: Not affected
  Type: reg_file_data_sampling status: Not affected
  Type: retbleed status: Not affected
  Type: spec_rstack_overflow status: Not affected
  Type: spec_store_bypass mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
  Type: spectre_v1 mitigation: __user pointer sanitization
  Type: spectre_v2 mitigation: CSV2, BHB
  Type: srbds status: Not affected
  Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected
Graphics:
  Device-1: bcm2712-hdmi0 driver: vc4_hdmi v: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c701400
    class-ID: hdmi
  Device-2: bcm2712-hdmi1 driver: vc4_hdmi v: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c706400
    class-ID: hdmi
  Display: wayland server: X.org v: 1.21.X.X with: Xwayland v: 22.1.9 compositor: wayfire
    v: 0.7.5 driver:
    gpu: vc4-drm,vc4_crtc,vc4_dpi,vc4_dsi,vc4_firmware_kms,vc4_hdmi,vc4_hvs,vc4_txp,vc4_v3d,vc4_vec
    tty: 80x40
  Monitor-1: HDMI-A-1 model: LG (GoldStar) TV built: 2017 res: 3840x2160 dpi: 61
    gamma: 1.2 chroma: red: x: 0.639 y: 0.329 green: x: 0.298 y: 0.600 blue: x: 0.149 y: 0.059 white:
    x: 0.314 y: 0.329 size: 1600x900mm (62.99x35.43") diag: 1836mm (72.3") ratio: 16:9
    modes: 4096x2160, 3840x2160, 1920x1080, 1920x1080i, 1280x1024, 1360x768, 1152x864, 1280x720,
    1024x768, 800x600, 720x576, 720x576i, 720x480, 640x480, 720x400
  EDID-Warnings: 1: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 93 2: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 94
    3: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 95 4: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 98 5: parse_edid:
    unhandled CEA mode 99 6: parse_edid: unhandled CEA mode 100
  API: Vulkan v: 1.3.239 layers: 2 device: 0 type: integrated-gpu name: V3D 7.1.7
    driver: mesa v3dv v: 23.2.1-1~bpo12+rpt3 device-ID: 14e4:55701c33 surfaces: N/A device: 1
    type: cpu name: llvmpipe (LLVM 15.0.6 128 bits) driver: mesa llvmpipe v: 23.2.1-1~bpo12+rpt3
    (LLVM 15.0.6) device-ID: 10005:0000 surfaces: N/A
  API: OpenGL Message: GL data unavailable in console, glxinfo missing.
Audio:
  Device-1: bcm2712-hdmi0 driver: vc4_hdmi bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c701400 class-ID: hdmi
  Device-2: bcm2712-hdmi1 driver: vc4_hdmi bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107c706400 class-ID: hdmi
  API: ALSA v: k6.6.47+rpt-rpi-2712 status: kernel-api tools: alsactl,alsamixer,amixer
  Server-1: PipeWire v: 0.3.65 status: n/a (root, process) with: 1: pipewire-pulse status: active
    2: wireplumber status: active tools: pw-cat,pw-cli,wpctl
  Server-2: PulseAudio v: 16.1 status: off (using pipewire-pulse) tools: pacat,pactl
Network:
  Device-1: Raspberry Pi RP1 PCIe 2.0 South Bridge driver: rp1 v: N/A port: N/A
    bus-ID: 0001:01:00.0 chip-ID: 1de4:0001 class-ID: 0200
  IF: wlan0 state: up mac: 
  IP v4:  type: dynamic noprefixroute scope: global broadcast: 
  IP v6:  type: noprefixroute scope: global
  IP v6:  type: dynamic noprefixroute scope: global
  IP v6:  type: noprefixroute scope: link
  IF-ID-1: eth0 state: down mac: 
  WAN IP: 
Bluetooth:
  Device-1: bcm7271-uart driver: bcm7271_uart bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:107d50c000 class-ID: serial
  Report: hciconfig ID: hci0 rfk-id: 0 state: up address:  bt-v: 5.0 lmp-v: 9 sub-v: 6119
    hci-v: 9 rev: 17e class-ID: 6c0000
  Info: acl-mtu: 1021:8 sco-mtu: 64:1 link-policy: rswitch sniff link-mode: peripheral accept
    service-classes: rendering, capturing, audio, telephony
  Device-2: bcm7271-uart driver: N/A bus-ID: N/A chip-ID: brcm:serial0 class-ID: serial
Logical:
  Message: No logical block device data found.
RAID:
  Message: No RAID data found.
Drives:
  Local Storage: total: 1.82 TiB used: 5.12 GiB (0.3%)
  ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 maj-min: 259:0 vendor: Western Digital model: WD BLACK SN770 2TB
    size: 1.82 TiB block-size: physical: 512 B logical: 512 B speed: 63.2 Gb/s lanes: 4 tech: SSD
    fw-rev: 731100WD temp: 46.9 C scheme: MBR
  SMART: yes health: PASSED cycles: 15 read-units: 49,670 [25.4 GB]
    written-units: 34,863 [17.8 GB]
  Message: No optical or floppy data found.
Partition:
  ID-1: / raw-size: 1.82 TiB size: 1.79 TiB (98.45%) used: 5.05 GiB (0.3%) fs: ext4
    block-size: 4096 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2 maj-min: 259:2 label: rootfs
    uuid: 12974fe2-889e-4060-b497-1d6ac3fbbb4b
  ID-2: /boot/firmware raw-size: 512 MiB size: 510 MiB (99.61%) used: 75.2 MiB (14.7%) fs: vfat
    block-size: 512 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p1 maj-min: 259:1 label: bootfs uuid: 9BE2-1346
Swap:
  Kernel: swappiness: 60 (default) cache-pressure: 100 (default) zswap: no
  ID-1: swap-1 type: file size: 200 MiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) priority: -2 file: /var/swap
Unmounted:
  Message: No unmounted partitions found.
USB:
  Hub-1: 1-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s)
    lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002 class-ID: 0900
  Hub-2: 2-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 1 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s (596.0 MiB/s) lanes: 1
    mode: 3.2 gen-1x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003 class-ID: 0900
  Hub-3: 3-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s)
    lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002 class-ID: 0900
  Device-1: 3-1:2 info: Logitech Unifying Receiver type: keyboard,mouse,HID
    driver: logitech-djreceiver,usbhid interfaces: 3 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s (1.4 MiB/s) lanes: 1
    mode: 1.1 power: 98mA chip-ID: 046d:c52b class-ID: 0300
  Hub-4: 4-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 1 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s (596.0 MiB/s) lanes: 1
    mode: 3.2 gen-1x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003 class-ID: 0900
Sensors:
  Src: /sys System Temperatures: cpu: 59.5 C mobo: N/A
  Fan Speeds (rpm): cpu: 3075
Repos:
  Packages: pm: dpkg pkgs: 1647 libs: 903 tools: apt,apt-get
  Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list
    1: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
    2: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
    3: deb http: //deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
  Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
    1: deb http: //archive.raspberrypi.com/debian/ bookworm main
Processes:
  CPU top: 5 of 207
  1: cpu: 11.7% command: wayfire pid: 1051 mem: 125.3 MiB (1.5%)
  2: cpu: 1.9% command: rpi-connectd pid: 1037 mem: 18.7 MiB (0.2%)
  3: cpu: 1.6% command: wayvnc pid: 1901 mem: 52.6 MiB (0.6%)
  4: cpu: 1.3% command: xwayland pid: 8160 mem: 90.4 MiB (1.1%)
  5: cpu: 0.6% command: yad pid: 8241 mem: 89.0 MiB (1.1%)
  Memory top: 5 of 207
  1: mem: 125.3 MiB (1.5%) command: wayfire pid: 1051 cpu: 11.7%
  2: mem: 90.4 MiB (1.1%) command: xwayland pid: 8160 cpu: 1.3%
  3: mem: 89.0 MiB (1.1%) command: yad pid: 8241 cpu: 0.6%
  4: mem: 63.0 MiB (0.7%) command: wf-panel-pi pid: 1238 cpu: 0.4%
  5: mem: 61.3 MiB (0.7%) command: pcmanfm pid: 1241 cpu: 0.5%
Info:
  Processes: 207 Uptime: 11m Init: systemd v: 252 target: graphical (5) default: graphical
  tool: systemctl Compilers: gcc: 12.2.0 alt: 12 Client: shell wrapper v: 5.2.15-release
  inxi: 3.3.31

Benchmark #95238 - Brand: Western Digital Black SN770 Series